PERSONALITY AND PETS:
THE EXISTENCE OF PERSONALITY IN PETS
SHOWN THROUGH THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND

PSY 260
DR. LEON JAMES
DARLENE TAKAFUJI
June, 22 1994

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

MY SPECIAL INTEREST IN PETS ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED WHY DO PEOPLE OWN PETS Needs Fulfilled by Pets My Experiences With My Dogs APPLYING THE PERSONALITY MODEL TO PETS Affective Characteristics in Pets My Experiences Cognitive Characteristics in Pets My Experiences PET'S PERSONALITY vs HUMAN'S PERSONALITY Pets and Humans Have Individuality Pets are Nonjudgmental THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PETS AND THEIR OWNERS Owners Give Identity to Their Pets PERSONALITY OF OWNERS vs NONOWNERS PERSONALITY FUNCTION OF PETS Pets and the Elderly Pets and Children Pets and Stress SUBJECTS USED IN DATABASES LIBRARY RESEARCH PROCEDURES Problems I Came Across Advice to the Readers AFTERTHOUGHTS ON PETS AND PERSONALITY

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 19 19 20

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MY SPECIAL INTEREST IN PETS

I was in the fifth grade when it happened, but I can still remember that day like it was yesterday. I had been out late that evening playing with my neighbor friends so I ate dinner alone. My dad was outside watering the yard. I had a mouthful of food in my mouth when I heard my dad yell, "Skipper!" I ran to the living room to look out the window with my mother. I remember crying with the food still in my mouth because I was unable to swallow Skipper had been run over by a car. The next day in school I wrote on a small piece of paper, "Skipper died on January 20, 1982." I placed the paper in my pencil case and never took it out. It was as if I wanted Skipper to know that I would never forget about him. As a young child, I had the misperception that everything was forever. Sipper taught me that there might not be a tomorrow and that I should appreciate the things and people around me now.

Since then, my family and I have had the luxury of experiencing a unique bond with two other dogs. Our second dog was a female house-dog who was named Tassie. Currently we own a female Shi-Tzu, called D.D., who lives with us in the house. Through these close relationships with animals, I have formed the belief that animals do have a personality.

Webster's Jew World Dictionary defines personality as "the quality or fact of being a particular person; personal identity; individuality. A habitual pattern and quality of behavior of any individual as expressed by physical and mental activities and attitudes." I believe that animals or pets also have personalities, just like humans. Dogs, cats, birds, and even fishes all have their own identities and characteristics that make each and everyone of them special in their own way.

ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED

Before discussing anything else, I would like to address the basic question of why people own pets. During the next part of the report, I will use the model for personality given by Dr. Leon James to demonstrate that pets can share this model with humans. After establishing that animals do indeed possess a personality, the personality of pets will be compared to that of humans. Next, I will closely examine the animal-human bond by looking at how a pet's personality is created. Also, I will distinguish personalities of owners and non-owners of pets. Following this, the paper will state the importance of animals in our lives and discuss the functions pets serve for humans. I will then talk about the procedures involving the research done for this project and the problems I encountered. Finally, I will discuss how writing this paper has influenced me.

WHY DO PEOPLE OWN PETS?

Samuelson (1986, 61) reports that about 60 percent of households have a pet. According to a national survey performed in 1988 by the Veterinary Medical Association (as cited by Sanders, 1993, 205) approximately 38 percent of American households include an average 1.5 dogs. on an average Americans spend $12 billion to $15 million yearly on their pets (Samuelson, 1986, 205). These costs include money spent on animal food, veterinary care, dog schools, boarding kennels, pet products, and pet books. Economically speaking, the benefit of something, in this case the pet, must be equal to or greater than the cost of it. Since owning a pet is costly, a pet must fulfill some kind of need for the owner. The question then becomes "What needs are fulfilled by owning a pet?"

NEEDS FULFILLED BY PETS: MASLOW'S MODEL

There are many different desires that pets meet for individual owners. For example, companionship, security, intimacy, sensuality, social interaction, control, and for social standards (Grant, 1984, 86). The list goes on. But let us look at the need being fulfilled by a pet for a human-being on a much more basic and general level. With respect to Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Mischel, 1993, 25O) we can begin to understand why so many Americans today own pets. Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes five stages or levels of requirements (physiological needs, safety and security, love and belongingness, self--esteem, and self-actualization) that must be reached to achieve optimal happiness. This model of needs also states that human-kind must first fulfill primitive needs such as hunger and then later can fulfill higher needs such as self-actualization.

It is probable that in the past, animals that are today called pets, were then used as food and thus fulfilled the most basic need or the physiological need in Maslow's model. Fortunately, at the present due to modern technology and education we are able to depend on a larger and greatly diverse food supply. Therefore, the majority of America are at one point in their life challenged with reaching one of the other four of Maslow's needs. It comes to no surprise that a pet can play an important role in helping one achieve any one of these needs.

MY EXPERIENCES WITH MY DOGS

Hence, we have answered the question: What needs are fulfilled from owning a pet? Pets facilitate in obtaining needs of safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. I can think of many situations in my own life where my dog has definitely played a significant role in helping me overcome the needs mentioned above. For example, when home alone I feel much safer in the presence of my dog because I know that dogs have very acute senses. When my dog hears or smells something unusual, she gets up and tries to locate the particular thing that is activating her senses. After noticing that my dog senses something, I also take action to make sure that I am safe.

Another need that my dog satisfies for my family and I is the need to feel loved. To confirm that we are loved by our pet, we have taught our pet to lick our lips or face when we say, "love, love." We frequently ask our dog, "Do you love me?" while simultaneously protruding our lips or shoving our cheeks in her face waiting to be licked. It was very important for my family and I to know that our dogs cared for us as much as we cared for them.

APPLYING THE PERSONALITY MODEL TO PETS

After understanding the need for pets in our lives, the next topic to address is whether or not these creatures possess a personality. To determine this, the model for personality as described by Dr. Leon James in his May 15, 1994 lecture will be applied to pets. The personality model consists of three components, all of which are essential if one has a personality. The three categories of a personality, according to James, are: 1) affective, 2) cognitive, and 3) sensorimotor. The affective part includes such things as feelings, emotions, impulses, intuitions, Id, and Super Ego. Words like thoughts, cognition, reasoning, Ego, forgetting, and memory fall into the category of cognitive. Sensorimotor implies the external behavior, such as speech, gesture, things obtained from the senses, Freudian slip, and selective forgetting. The model take the form of an equation: [affective + cognitive] = sensorimotor. When translated, the formula is worded: feelings directs, selects, or conjoins thoughts to engender or evoke external behavior. Unfortunately, animals do not use any form of spoken language recognizable by humans. So, the only means of showing that animals possess feelings and the ability to reason is by interpreting the animals external behavior, which can be readily observed and measured. In the next few paragraphs, I will illustrate the existence of emotions and thoughts in pets through behaviors of animals as witnessed by myself or documented by other authors.

AFFECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS IN PETS

Pets are often described as experiencing loneliness, joy, sadness, embarrassment, anger, and jealousy (edited by Beck and Katcher, 1993, 58). In Sanders' (1993) article, it is states that a common theme that emerges is that "dogs are eminently emotional beings" (p. 216). In one of Sanders' (1993) interviews, the owner of a Shar Pei puppy describes her dogs vengeful response to her absence in the following way:

Its funny. Usually after I have been at work

all Friday I don't go out unless I am sure that

somebody is going to watch him. But one time I

left him alone and when I got home HE WAS ANGRY.

He just let me know. [How did he let you know?]

He'd follow me around and he would look up at me.

And I would say, "What is it with you?" and when

I would stop talking he would look at me and

bark--like "You left me. How could you do that?"

You could read it in his face. When he was

younger and I would find some way to let me

know that he wasn't pleased--like he would

shred all his newspapers. Every day was

something new. He would move his crate, or

he would flip his water dish, or something

like that (p. 22O).

MY EXPERIENCES

In asking my family members if they believe that D. D. (our dog that was previously introduced to you in the introduction) has feelings, all of the responses were an unhesitant "yes." Three emotions or feelings predominantly shown by my pet are sadness, happiness, and jealousness. When my dog is sad, hers ears are down, her eyes change to a triangular shape, and she lies down. D. D. becomes sad when she is told that she has to "stay home and wait." As soon as she hears those four words, she lies down.

D. D. gets excited or happy when we ask her several questions: "Do you want mum mum?" "Do you want to go walking?"; "Do you want to go to Grandma and Grandpa's house?"; and "Do you want to see Debra?". We know when D. D. is excited because she licks your face, vigorously wags her tail, and barks at you immediately after the phrase is spoken. The reasons D. D. feels happy when these phrases are spoken are because: 1) We almost always ask D. D. if she wants "mum mum" before we feed her.; 2) D. D. loves to go for walks because she can sniff all over and leave her scent.; 3) Every time she goes to Grandma and Grandpa's house, they feed her table scraps and take her for walks.; 4) She loves to go to Debra's house because she gets to see my sister, play with my brother-in-law, and she doesn't have to stay home by herself.

Another emotion shown by our dog is jealousness. D. D. becomes jealous when we are having a conversation with someone by talking on the phone, when she sees one of the family members playing with the dog across the street, and when we talk to my sister's baby, Dana, using baby-talk. She lets us know that she is feeling neglected by continuously trying to get our attention by barking and biting lightly on our hands or feet.

COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS IN PETS

How many times have your heard a dog-owner brag about their dogs intelligence by saying things like, "This is the smartest dog I've ever had." or, how often have you had someone make their pet perform all of the tricks the pet ever learned? This is because, according to Sanders (1993, 210), pet owners believe that their pets have cognitive abilities. All of the people Sanders interviewed could give specific examples of when their pets exemplified using thought processes. one of the interviewees offers the following story proving that his dog is indeed smart:

This is the smartest dog I have ever had.

We are having him trained professionally,

and we were with the trainer with my dog and

some of the other dogs he was training. He

said, "Look here. I'll show you how smart

your dog is." He threw the retrieving dummy

out into the middle of this long pond there.

My dog jumped in and swam to the thing, grabbed

it in his mouth, and took a right turn. He

swam to the land and walked back to us with

the dummy in his mouth--all proud. He was the

only one smart enough to walk back. The other

dogs all swam out, retrieved the thing, and

swam all the way back (p. 213).

MY EXPERIENCES

The interviewee that gave the story above is not the only one who believes that their pet is intelligent. I have a few pet stories of my own that I would like to share with you to show the level of dog's reasoning skills. There are two situations that stand out in my mind that shows how smart D. D. really is.

The first situation occurs almost every evening at our household. My dog loves going for walks. on the days that my parents decide to go for a walk, they always go after dinner because it is cooler for D. D. Since my dog loves her walks, she thought up a way in which to tell us when she wants to go for a walk. D. D. jumps onto the couch so that she can reach the table in which we keep her walking leash. She then coils up the walking leash in her mouth so that she doesn't trip over it when jumping down from the couch or walking. After D. D. coils the leash she looks for one of the family members to let us know that she would really like to go for a walk.

The second situation in which D. D. uses her reasoning skills occurs every mourning. Every mourning, my mother goes through the same routine when getting ready for the day. She brushes her teeth and washes her face and proceeds to her dresser where her mirror is located. My mother first applies her make- up, and then does her hair to complete the getting-ready process. All the while, D. D. lies under the curtains in my mother's bedroom and ingrossly watches my mother's process. At precisely the moment my mother begins to brush her hair, D. D. comes from under the curtains, licks, and nibbles at my mother's feet to get her attention. D. D. has figured out that at that precise moment it would be the optimal time to get attention because my mother just about to leave the house.

Who ever said that beings with small heads have small brains? They sure couldn't have been talking about my 11 pound, 9 inch tall dog. My dog has an incredible memory. My mother has taught D. D. to retrieve all of her seven different toys on command. For example, if I say, "D. D. bring your bone," D. D. will first look around the room and if her bone isn't already out of her toy-box, she runs to her toy-box, digs out her bone, and brings it to me.

PET PERSONALITY v.s. HUMAN PERSONALITY

Now that we have established that pets do have a personality, a new question emerges. In what ways are the personality of pets similar and different from a human's personality? Through my research and own experiences, I have found that both pets and humans are affectionate, sociable individuals. But unlike humans, pets offer pure, unselfish love (Begley, 1986, 65).

PETS AND HUMANS HAVE INDIVIDUALITY

Pets and humans are similar in that they both have individuality within their own species. For example, just as no two humans have exactly the same personality, no two German Shepherd dogs will have identical personalities. Although different breeds of dogs are characteristic of a common group of traits, there is much variability in personality within a breed (Hart, 1988, 5). The development of the Puppy Aptitude Test is proof of personality uniqueness in dogs. The Puppy Aptitude Test is used to evaluate puppies on the basis of sociability, dominance, and obedience potential (The Art of Raising a Puppy, 1991, 62).

PETS ARE NONJUDGMENTAL

Pets give their love unconditionally. This means that no matter who we are or what we do, we will always receive love from our pets. One of the main reasons pet owners are able to readily share themselves with their pets is because people realize that their pets will never reject them (Fogle, 1984, 56). My dog, D. D., exemplifies this every time we take her for a walk. D. D. insists on greeting and licking everyone we pass during our walk. D. D. is not racial and does not discriminate people for what they look like or what they do. Animals offer love and affection that is entirely nonjudgmental (Meer, 1984, 60).

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PETS AND THIER OWNERS

Do owners create their pet's personality? To examine this question, let us first look at a theory (Beckand Katcher, 1983, 120; Meer, 1984, 62; Sanders, 1993, 226; Winn, 1993, 14) that holds humans responsible for creating personality in animals. The term supporters of this theory use is anthropomorphism. Webster's New World Dictionary defines this noun as "the attributing of human shape or characteristics to a god, animal, or inanimate thing" (p. 59). In my experience with pets, I believe that to some degree pet owners do exhibit anthropomorphism. For example, my family and I put clothing and hair pins on our dog. I also believe that we sometimes interpret our dogs behavior to match humanistic motives. For example, when our dog licks our skin we interpret the behavior to represent love because humans kiss out of love. However, pet-lovers argue (Kilcommons, 1992, 19) that although they shape a pet's peronality, they do not create an animal's personality.

OWNERS GIVE IDENTITY TO THEIR PETS

One way in which pet owners realize their pet's personality is by giving their pet a name. This is no different from naming a new born child. Beck and Katcher (1983, 41) state that name- giving for animals "need only reflect the individuality and personality of the pet and are free of the family and cultural rules that limit the variety of human names." These authors go on to say that the name of the animal is a direct link to the owners. My dogs name is an example of this. My mother named our dog, D. D., after my sister and I. D. D. stands for our names, Debra and Darlene.

PERSONALITY OF OWNERS v.s. NONOWNERS

Literature provides evidence of differences in personality between pet owners and nonowners. Paden-Levy's results (1985, 869) from her experiment on the relationship of extraversion, neuroticism, and alienation with pet-ownership supports the notion that emotional harmony and stability are associated with pet-ownership. Pet owners were also reported to be more satisfied with their lives in the past and present than nonowners (Horn and Meer, 1994, 52). On the whole, nonpet owners show a greater tendency to be independent and to avoid any lasting obligation (Fogle, 1981, 92). They shun the necessity of constantly having to care for something. On the other hand, pet owners generally show a greater tendency to avoid loneliness or being alone (Fogle, 1981, 93).

PERSONALITY FUNCTIONS OF PETS

The first thought that comes to my mind when faced with the question, "What functions do pets serve?" is companionship. However, there is much literature on other important functions pets serve. Pets have a magical way of reaching out to the elderly and children. Also, without you even realizing it, pets contribute to stress reduction (Burke, 1992, 65).

PETS AND THE ELDERLY

Since many elderly people now live alone, pets have the opportunity to fulfill many of the elderly's needs. Pets serve as catalysts for conversations (Pechter, 1985, 82) in many nursing homes. Curtis (1986, 193) wrote that "it is not unusual for a withdrawn or depressed elderly patient to speak for the first time in months or even years when a pet is placed in his or her arms." Related to initiating conversations, pets also help these people make friends, which isn't easy to do at any age, but certainly more difficult as we get older. In the article "Pets Bring out the Best in Us" (1988, 15), it is written that "pets give older adults the opportunity to touch and be touched. For many seniors, the only touch they receive is from doctors." of all the many needs pets can fulfill, the most important function is when pets motivate the elderly to take better care of themselves. Studies suggest that "having a pet requires that older adults get up and out of the house. It stimulates them and gives them permission to take care of themselves" ("Pets Bring out the Best in Us", 1988, 15).

PETS AND CHILDREN

Pets can play a major in a child's social development (edited by Beck and Katcher, 1983, 122). Pets help children learn empathy, responsibility, and affection. Poresky's study on the effects of animal bonding on children (1990, 935) showed that children with pets had a higher empathy score than children without pets. Results from another study submitted by Kidd and Kidd (1990, 778) indicated that children of strongly attached adults and in pet-owning homes scored higher on Activities and Interest than children of weakly attached adults and in nonpet- owning homes. Hendrix and Poresky (1990, 53) found significant correlations between children's bonds with their companion animals and the children's high scores on social competence, empathy, and cooperation scales.

PETS AND STRESS

Several studies have shown that pets actually help to reduce stress in humans. In a study completed in 1980 mentioned by Bower (1991, 395), of the 96 people with heart disease, the patients who owned a pet had a higher survival rate one year after hospital discharge. Another study, which was cited in an article in Prevention (1990, 11), reported that the most highly stressed dog owners had 21 percent less doctor visits than highly stressed people without pets.

Bower (1991, 395) states that "the presence of a canine comrade acts as a natural sedative for its human master, lowering blood pressure and other bodily responses to stress while fostering improved performance on a difficult task." A theory discussed by Beck and Katcher (1983, 119) hypothesizes that pets reduce stress in humans because they provide "unconditional support without scrutinizing their owner's attempts to meet a challenge."

SUBJECTS USED IN DATABASES

On the first day of my research, I looked in the Thesaurus of Psychological Index for common terms to enter into the various databases. The terms that I thought would be useful were: pet therapy, animal assisted therapy, animals, interspecies interaction, animal motivation, animal emotionality, and animal social behavior. The first database I used was Psychological Literature. When I typed in animal emotionality, there were 263 entries. There were 104 entries under animal motivation and 151S entries under emotional responses. Then, when I typed in interspecies interaction, I received 169 entries. To narrow this subject down, I typed in animal-human interaction and got 3 entries. I also used the topic pets and personality and got 8 articles. The second database I used was Newspaper Abstracts. Under the subject heading animals and emotions, there were four articles. To obtain books, I used two different headings in the UHCarl database. When I typed in pets, there were 12 entries. The other subject I used was animals and motivation, in which I received 7 entries.

LIBRARY RESEARCH PROCEDURES

Before actually beginning my research, I completed the library exercise workbook given to the class by Dr. Leon James. The workbook was very beneficial to me because I was not familiar with all the databases provided by the University of Hawaii. After going through the workbook step, by step, I began my own research.

On the first day at the library, I spent about 2 hours at the CD-ROM station. I typed in my subject headings from the thesaurus into the various databases. I then proceeded to read the abstracts of the articles and printed the article bibliography and abstract of potentially helpful articles.

On the second day at the library, I went back to the CD- ROM station to look up new headings found in the databases thesaurus. I found more articles when I used these headings. After obtaining printouts of the article abstracts, I checked to see if the articles were located at Sinclair or Hamilton library. Since I was at Hamilton library, I marked the floor number for the articles only at Hamilton library at which each article could be found. I then made copies of the literature found.

On the third day of my research, I looked for books in the UH-Carl system. Again, after I printed out the bibliography for the books, I went upstairs to find the books. out of the ten books I was looking for, I only found two.

After realizing that the two books that I borrowed were not very useful, I asked the librarian for help on the fourth day of my research. I asked the librarian what my options were since all the books I needed were already checked out. The librarian sent me to the UH-Carl computers with blue tape on it. The computers with blue tape on it were hooked up to the telephone lines. This enabled the computer user to call other Hawaii state public libraries to see if the book was available there.

I found that the majority of the books I needed was located at the Hawaii State Library. on the fifth day of my research, I went down to the Hawaii State Library. I obtained a map from the librarian and found the appropriate call numbers. I borrowed 11 books.

The next step in writing this paper was to form and outline. To write my outline, I reviewed the abstracts and skimmed the table of contents of the books. By doing this, I got an idea of common themes written in the literature about my topic.

Before writing my rough draft, I thoroughly read the materials related to the issues I felt were significant. After reading and highlighting the articles, I wrote the corresponding roman numerals from my outline on the top right hand corner of the article. I also placed index cards with the corresponding roman numerals from my outline written on it, between pages in books that contained information that could be used to write my paper.

After completing my rough draft and upon reading other people's rough draft on the same topic, I realized that I didn't have enough information to write a twenty page report. I decided to go to Pearl City Regional Library to obtain more information. I typed in a few subject headings into the computer and wrote down the call number for most of the books on pets. As I viewed some of the books on pets, I came across an entire row of books on dogs. These books were very useful because they specifically discussed the personality of dogs. I borrowed ten books that day.

PROBLEMS I CAME ACCROSS

There were many times during the research of this paper where I encountered problems. I had three major problems that hindered the efficiency of my research. The first problem was not knowing the appropriate subject headings to use in the databases. This part of my research was probably the most time consuming. To save time, I recommend looking over the words listed under "subjects" in the article abstracts. The most frustrating problem I ran into was not being able to find the bound volumes of journals in the library. Unfortunately, this problem is out of our control. However, I suggest that one search for the unfound reference books on the sorting racks located on each floor. Another dilemma was faced with was that the books I need were already checked out. As informed by the librarian, there are two possible solutions to this problem. If the books are not needed right away, you can have the books recalled. This means that the person who has the book will receive a notice in the mail that someone else has requested the book and that they need to return the book by the new due given. The second solution involves checking other libraries for the books you need.

ADVICE TO THE READER

In retrospect, I offer six suggestions to the readers. First, start early! Second, start early! I cannot stress the importance of starting early. By starting early, not only will you avoid writing a sloppy paper done in two nights, you will also avoid the problem of not having the books you need. Third, use the thesaurus obtained through the database. This saves time. Fourth, when looking for books, view the entire section of books with the same call number. This allows you to view books on your topic that were not seen in the computer. Fifth, if possible get together with others in the class. This proved beneficial in two ways. When working with others, you can divide the task of obtaining literature on the topic. Also, when working together you can share different approaches to the topic and form new ideas. Lastly, don't be afraid to ask the librarian for help. The librarian can facilitate in your research procedures by informing you of available sources.

AFTER THOUGHTS ON PETS AND PERSONALITY

In completing this discussion on pets and personality, I have learned many things. The most valuable thing that I learned was the importance of my pet. Now, when I stroke or cuddle my dog, I have a new appreciation for her. In writing the many examples of my dog's behavior within this paper, I have come to realize how lucky I am to be able to share a special bond with my dog. Reading all the literature on this topic has sensitized me of my pet's feelings and needs. Also, research on this subject has given me a better understanding of why feel the way I do towards my pet.

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